![]() We use samples from undisturbed cangas and forests as reference sites. We use DNA metabarcoding of bulk arthropod samples collected in both the dry and rainy seasons from waste-pile benches at various stages of revegetation: non-revegetated exposed soils, initial stage with one-to-three-year-old stands, intermediate stage with four-to-five-year-old stands, and advanced stage with six-to-seven-year-old stands. In this study, we investigate diversity and composition of the arthropod community along a post-mining rehabilitation and restoration gradient, taking seasonality and primer bias into account. Further, seeds of native canga and forest plant species are planted to point ecological succession towards natural ecosystems. ![]() During rehabilitation, these waste piles are hydroseeded with non-native plant species to achieve rapid revegetation. Here, native vegetation is logged and topsoil removed and deposited in waste piles along with mine waste. In the Carajás region of the Brazilian Amazon, exploration for iron ores has transformed the original ecosystem natural forest and a savanna formation with lateritic iron duricrust outcrops named canga. During this process, monitoring is important to ensure that desired trajectories are maintained. To reduce the net impacts of these activities, such as mining, disturbed areas are rehabilitated and restored. Human activities change natural landscapes, and in doing so endanger biodiversity and associated ecosystem services. 6University Museum, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.5Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Belém, Brazil.4Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.3State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.2School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom.1Section for Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.Gilbert 1,6, Markus Gastauer 5† and Kristine Bohmann 1† Yu 2,3,4, Guilherme Oliveira 5, Cecilio F.
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